Retro Game Mechanics Explained has a video about how the Asteroids vector generator worked and was coded for:

https://youtu.be/smStEPSRKBs?si=k_0u3NKCxCqZBc6w

Battlezone and later 3D games used different circuitry that generated vectors with analog circuitry and used a “math box” coprocessor based on Am2901 bit slice ALUs to help with the 3D math.